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Zobrazeno: 3061-3090 z celkem 3508 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec Second Treatise of Government
Anotace: Second Treatise on Civil Government is an essay written by English philosopher John Locke and published in 1690. Subtitled An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government, the essay was published in support of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The concept of the modern liberal-democratic state is rooted in the work. It serves as a counterargument to Thomas Hobbes’s pro-absolutist government Leviathan (1651) and helped to inspire the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Anotace: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion is a philosophical work by the Scottish philosopher David Hume. Through dialogue, three philosophers named Demea, Philo, and Cleanthes debate the nature of God's existence. Whether or not these names reference specific philosophers, ancient or otherwise, remains a topic of scholarly dispute. While all three agree that a god exists, they differ sharply in opinion on God's nature or attributes and how, or if, humankind can come to knowledge of a deity. In the Dialogues, Hume's characters debate a number of arguments for the existence of God, and arguments whose proponents believe through which we may come to know the nature of God. Such topics debated include the argument from design—for which Hume uses a house—and whether there is more suffering or good in the world (argument from evil). Hume started writing the Dialogues in 1750 but did not complete them until 1776, shortly before his death. They are based partly on Cicero's De Natura Deorum. The Dialogues were published posthumously in 1779, originally with neither the author's nor the publisher's name. Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation
Anotace: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation, from St. Thomas More, is a store of comfort to help you take heart amid your worst sorrows. Awaiting execution in 1535 for refusing to betray his faith, Thomas More opens the door on his own interior life by creating a fictional dialogue. It takes place in 16th century Hungary between a young man, Vincent, and his dying but wise old uncle, Anthony. Vincent is paralyzed by fear of an impending Turkish invasion which could force him to betray his faith or die a martyr. As he pours out his fears, Anthony responds as only the calm and clear-headed More could do: on the comfort of God in difficulties, the benefits of suffering, atonement for evil acts, faintheartedness and the temptations to suicide, and scrupulosity. Anthony thus summarized his purpose: "I will supply you ahead of time with a store of comfort, of spiritual strengthening and consolation, that you can have ready at hand, that you can resort to and lay up in your heart as an antidote against the poison of despairing dread..." Consideration on Representative Government
Anotace: In this powerful work, John Stuart Mill sets forth representative government as the most sensible compromise between unreflective rule by the masses and the self-indulgence of the few. The reader may sense that Mill is being pulled in opposing directions: steadfastly committed to majority rule with minority rights while at the same time being just enough of an aristocrat to believe that the masses need examplars to emulate.On Representative Government is one of the most compelling political essays of the 19th century. Martin Luther
Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians
Anotace: The importance of this Commentary on Galatians for the history of Protestantism is very great. It presents like no other of Luther’s writings the central thought of Christianity, the justification of the sinner for the sake of Christ’s merits alone. We have permitted in the final revision of the manuscript many a passage to stand which seemed weak and ineffectual when compared with the trumpet tones of the Latin original. But the essence of Luther’s lectures is there. May the reader accept with indulgence where in this translation we have gone too far in modernizing Luther’s expression—making him “talk American.” Auguste Comte and Positivism
Anotace: Reissued in its revised 1866 second edition, this work by John Stuart Mill discusses the positivist views of the French philosopher and social scientist Auguste Comte. Comte is regarded as the founder of positivism, the doctrine that all knowledge must derive from sensory experience. The two-part text was originally printed as two articles in the Westminster Review in 1865. Part 1 offers an analysis of Comte's earlier works on positivism in the natural and social sciences, while Part 2 considers its application in areas such as religion and ethics. Mill states that Comte is the first philosopher who has attempted to extend positivism 'to all objects of human knowledge'. Despite being critical of a number of Comte's views, such as the exclusion of psychology from positivist science, Mill acknowledges his fellow philosopher's influence in the face of common negative perceptions of the positivist movement. Martin Luther
An Open Letter on Translating
Anotace: An Open Letter on Translating is a September, 1530 letter to Luther's critics concerning his translation of the Bible from Latin into German. This was very controversial at the time and it led to a lot of disagreement (even wars) over who should be allowed to read the Bible and who should interpret its meaning. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
Anotace: An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals is a book by Scottish enlightenment philosopher David Hume. In it, Hume argues (among other things) that the foundations of morals lie with sentiment, not reason. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (EPM) is the enquiry subsequent to the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (EHU). Thus, it is often referred to as "the second Enquiry". It was originally published in 1751, three years after the first Enquiry. Hume first discusses ethics in A Treatise of Human Nature (in Book 3 - "Of Morals"). He later extracted and expounded upon the ideas he proposed there in his second Enquiry. In his short autobiographical work, My Own Life (1776), Hume states that his second Enquiry is "of all my writings, historical, philosophical, or literary, incomparably the best." Against Apion
Anotace: Against Apion is a polemical work written by Flavius Josephus as a defense of Judaism as a classical religion and philosophy against criticism by Apion, stressing its antiquity against what he perceived as more recent traditions of the Greeks. One of his main sources was Menander of Ephesus. Against Apion cites Josephus' earlier work Antiquities of the Jews, so can be dated after C.E. 94. It was possibly written in the early second century. Summa Theologica
Part I-II (Pars Prima Secundae)
Anotace: The Summa Theologica is a compendium of theology written by Thomas Aquinas between 1265 and 1273. In Roman Catholicism it is the sum of all known learning and doctrine, of all that can be known about God and humanity's relations with God -- a landmark in the history of theology that famously offers five proofs of God's existence, the first three of which are cosmological arguments; the fourth, a moral argument; and the fifth, a teleological argument. The third quarter of the thirteenth century marked the first decisive philosophical encounter between Hellenism and Christianity. The rediscovery of Aristotle's works after the Dark Ages ushered in a new era of intellectual fervor in Europe, and the work of Thomas Aquinas is a commentary on Aristotle, whose writings were lost to the non-Arabic world until the beginning of the Thirteenth Century. To many, Aristotle's worldview was a pagan threat to Christianity. To Aquinas, it provided an exciting cosmological framework on which to build an all-encompassing Christian worldview. This dazzling synthesis of Catholic doctrine has had a profound impact on Christian thinking since the thirteenth century and has become the de facto official teaching of the Catholic Church -- the intellectual underpinning of the Church to this day. The Praise of Folly
Anotace: The Praise of Folly - Erasmus - Translated by John Wilson In Praise of Folly, sometimes translated as In Praise of More, is an essay written in Latin in 1509 by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam and first printed in 1511. Inspired by Italian humanist Faustino Perisauli's De Triumpho Stultitiae, it is a satirical attack on superstitions and other traditions of European society as well as on the western Church. Erasmus revised and extended the work, which he originally wrote in the space of a week while sojourning with Sir Thomas More at More's estate in Bucklersbury. In Praise of Folly is considered one of the most notable works of the Renaissance and played an important role in the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation. The Trojan Women
Anotace: The Trojan Women is a tragedy by the Greek playwright Euripides. Produced in 415 BC during the Peloponnesian War, it is often considered a commentary on the capture of the Aegean island of Melos and the subsequent slaughter and subjugation of its populace by the Athenians earlier that year (see History of Milos). 415 BC was also the year of the scandalous desecration of the hermai and the launch of the Athenians' second expedition to Sicily, events which may also have influenced the author. The Sorrows of Young Werther
Anotace: This is Goethe's first novel, published in 1774. Written in diary form, it tells the tale of an unhappy, passionate young man hopelessly in love with Charlotte, the wife of a friend - a man who he alternately admires and detests. 'The Sorrows of Young Werther' became an important part of the 'Sturm und Drang movement, and greatly influenced later 'Romanticism'. The work is semi-autobiographical - in 1772, two years before the novel was published, Goethe had passed through a similar tempestuous period, when he lost his heart to Charlotte Buff, who was at that time engaged to his friend Johann Christian Kestner. The Iphigenia in Tauris
Anotace: Tragedy, although sometimes described as a romance or melodrama, by the ancient Greek playwright Euripides, written sometime between 414 BCE and 412 BCE. It describes the chance meeting of Iphigenia (daughter of Agamemnon and now the priestess of Artemis on the wild shores of Tauris) and her long lost brother, Orestes, and the siblings’ escape from of the local custom of ritual sacrifice. The story follows that of Euripides‘ “Iphigenia at Aulis” by about twenty years, although it was actually written several years earlier. Epiktétos
The Golden Sayings, with the Hymn of Cleanthes
Anotace: The classic work of philosophy from Epictetus. The Alcestis
Anotace: In the Alcestis, the title character sacrifices her own life to save that of her husband, Admetus, when he is presented with the opportunity to have someone die in his place. Alcestis compresses within itself both tragedy and its apparent reversal, staging in the process fascinating questions about gender roles, family loyalties, the nature of heroism, and the role of commemoration. Alcestis is Euripides's earliest complete work and his only surviving play from the period preceding the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Currently dominant post-structuralist models of Greek tragedy focus on its 'oppositional' role in the discourse of war and public values. This study challenges not only this politicised model of tragic discourse but also both traditional masculinist and more recent feminist readings of the discourse and performance of gender in this remarkable play. The play survived in the performance repertoire of antiquity into the Roman period. Euripides' version strongly influenced the reception of the myth through the middles ages into the Renaissance, and the story enjoyed a lively afterlife through opera. Alcestis' contested reception in the last two centuries charts our changing understanding of tragedy. Niall Slater's study explores the reception and afterlife of the play, as well as its main themes, the myth before the play, the play's historical and social context and the central developments in modern criticism. Gisbert Stoyan, Agnes Baran
Elementary Numerical Mathematics for Programmers
Anotace: This book covers the basics of numerical methods, while avoiding the definition-theorem-proof style and instead focusing on numerical examples and simple pseudo-codes. The book is divided into ten chapters. Starting with floating number calculations and continuing up to ordinary differential equations, including "Euler backwards". The final chapter discusses practical error estimations. Exercises (including several in MATLAB) are provided at the end of each chapter. Suitable for readers with minimal mathematical knowledge, the book not only offers an elementary introduction to numerical mathematics for programmers and engineers but also provides supporting material for students and teachers of mathematics. Anthony Pagden
Worlds at War
The 2,500-Year Struggle Between East and West
Anotace: Spanning two and a half millennia, Anthony Pagden’s mesmerizing Worlds at War delves deep into the roots of the “clash of civilizations” between East and West that has always been a battle over ideas. It begins with ancient Greece and its epic fight against the Persian Empire, then sweeps to Rome, which created the modern concepts of citizenship and the rule of law. Pagden dramatizes the birth of Christianity in the East and its use in the West as an instrument of government, setting the stage for what would become, and has remained, a global battle of the secular against the sacred. Islam, at first ridiculed in Christian Europe, drives Pope Urban II to launch the Crusades, which transform the relationship between East and West into one of competing religious beliefs. Michael J. Decker
The Byzantine Art of War
Anotace: A Complete Overview of One of the Most Important Military Forces in the History of the World Sun Tzu
The Complete Art of War
Anotace: Sun Tzu's Art of War is the most famous, and the most thought-provoking, work of strategy ever written. The profound insights of this book have endured for over two thousand years, and they continue to reward careful study. The Military Methods of Sun Pin, the great-grandson of Sun Tzu, is a brilliant elaboration on his ancestor's work, which has been lost for nearly two millennia. Presented here together for the first time are the greatest of the ancient Chinese classics of strategic thought: The Complete Art of War.The Sun family writings on strategy represent a unique contribution to our understanding of human affairs. By unveiling the complex, often unexpected, interrelationships of armies locked in battle, their wisdom reveals the enduring principles of success in the struggle of life itself.With a unique index to the essential principles of strategy, and Sawyer's thoughtful chapter-by-chapter commentaries, The Complete Art of War is designed to guide the reader to new insights into the nature of human conflict and a greater understanding of every field of human activity, from playing the game of politics to building a successful marriage, from closing a deal to managing a large organization, and even from making war to making peace. Charles Darwin
Volcanic Islands
Anotace: The preparation of the series of works published under the general title Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle' occupied a great part of Darwin's time during the ten years that followed his return to England. The second volume of the series, entitled Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands, with Brief Notices on the Geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope, made its appearance in 1844. Cicero
Anotace: Dive into the life of Marcus Tullius Cicero through W. Lucas Collins’ compelling narrative in "Cicero," a detailed exploration of one of Rome's most famed orators and statesmen. Originally published in the 19th century. Famous Men of Ancient Times
Anotace: Summaries of the lives of some of the most significant individuals of the period we label "Antiquity." The author's subjects in include the eminent philosophers who brought order and logic to man's search for understanding of his world; poets who gave life form and beauty; soldiers and rulers who defended, conquered, and ruled great civilizations. Ústava
Anotace: Dialog Ústava (řecky Πολιτεία, latinsky De republica – odtud mezinárodně užívané označení Rep.), napsaný kolem roku 380 př. n. l., je jedním z vrcholných Platónových děl a jedním z nejdůležitějších a nejslavnějších textů západní filosofie vůbec. Ústava má formu velice rozsáhlého dialogu, ovšem nepřímého: Sókratés zde vypráví o rozhovoru, jehož se účastnili také Glaukón, Polemarchos, Adeimantos, Thrasymachos, Kefalos a Kleitofón. Celé dílo se skládá z deseti knih a jeho hlavním tématem je spravedlnost na úrovni jedince i státu, dotýká se však i mnoha dalších oblastí, včetně umění, výchovy, práva, vědy atd. V sedmé knize, věnované hlavně vědám a vzdělávání, se nachází jedna z nejslavnějších Platónových alegorií, tzv. Mýtus o jeskyni (514a-518b). Spolu se Zákony, snad posledním Platónovým dílem vůbec, zakládá Ústava zvláštní žánr utopie, myšlenkového experimentu s možnostmi spravedlivého uspořádání lidské společnosti. Sofoklés
Slídiči
Anotace: Sofoklova ne zcela dochovaná veršovaná hra zpracovává úsměvný mýtus o bohu Hermovi, jenž dovedně okrade samotného Apollóna o část jeho výstavního stáda. Po prozrazení Apollón přijímá jako protiváhu Hermův vynález, jedinečný hudební nástroj - lyru. Charles Darwin
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
Anotace: In his introduction, Darwin reveals that for many years he had no intention of publishing his notes on this topic, 'as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views'. By 1871, he felt that his fellow scientists would show a greater openness of mind to his arguments, even when taken to their logical conclusion and applied to the descent of man from the apes – the aspect of his theory which had been so widely mocked since the notorious question asked by Bishop Wilberforce at the Oxford debate of 1860: was it through his grandmother or his grandfather that Thomas Huxley, Darwin's champion, considered himself descended from a monkey? However, the book's focus on the area of sexual selection and the evolutionary importance of secondary sexual characteristics across the animal kingdom meant that the book was received without the public outrage that Darwin had feared. Charles Darwin
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
Anotace: Charles Darwin's Autobiography was first published in 1887, five years after his death. It was a bowdlerized edition: Darwin's family, attempting to protect his posthumous reputation, had deleted all the passages they considered too personal or controversial. The present complete edition did not appear until 1959, one hundred years after the publication of The Origin of Species. Upon its appearance, Loren Eiseley wrote: Dante Alighieri
The Banquet (Il Convito)
Anotace: "Il Convito" (The Banquet) is a work by Dante Alighieri, the renowned Italian poet and author of "The Divine Comedy." Written in the early 14th century, "Il Convito" is a collection of philosophical and allegorical essays presented as a series of banquets or feasts. The work consists of fourteen chapters, each centered around a different theme, where Dante explores various philosophical and ethical concepts. Selections from the Principles of Philosophy
Anotace: 'Selections from the Principles of Philosophy' by René Descartes is a synthesis of the 'Discourse on Method' and 'Meditations on First Philosophy' It was written in Latin, published in 1644 and dedicated to Elisabeth of Bohemia, with whom Descartes had a long-standing friendship. A French version followed in 1647. It set forth the principles of nature—the Laws of Physics—as Descartes viewed them. Einhard, Monk of St Gall
Early Lives of Charlemagne
Anotace: Delve into the early medieval world with Early Lives of Charlemagne, an enlightening account of one of history’s most influential rulers. This volume, meticulously translated and edited by Professor A. J. Grant, presents two contrasting narratives about the legendary Frankish king, Charlemagne, written within a century of his death. Einhard, a close associate of Charlemagne, offers a restrained and factual biography, providing unparalleled insights into the king’s life, his exploits, and the grandeur of his reign. In stark contrast, The Monk of St Gall presents a more fantastical and anecdotal tale, filled with the myths and legends that quickly grew around Charlemagne’s figure. The book brings together the starkly different styles and perspectives of Einhard and The Monk of St Gall. Einhard’s account, often hailed for its accuracy and detail, captures the essence of Charlemagne’s administrative prowess, military conquests, and cultural contributions. Meanwhile, The Monk of St Gall’s narrative, though less reliable historically, offers a glimpse into the legendary status Charlemagne attained and the medieval mindset of the time. Zobrazeno: 3061-3090 z celkem 3508 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec
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