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Zobrazeno: 3241-3270 z celkem 3470 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec Essays
Anotace: Svazek 59 esejů anglického filozofa a politika Francise Bacona, zakladatele empirismu, v anglickém originálu. Essays on Suicide and the Immorality of the Soul
Anotace: Early editions of Hume's Essays omitted these two brilliant but dangerous articles. Even though Hume continued to write in his accustomed ironic mood, and to use the arguments of the theologians in an ad hominem manner against their own positions, he must have known he was on perilous ground. On the First Principles of Government
Anotace: On the First Principles of Government was published in David Hume on Morals, Politics, and Society. On Public Credit
Anotace: In his essay Of Public Credit, David Hume argues against the institutionalization of public credit. Contrary to what is commonly believed, I claim Hume’s analysis of public credit is sound and it is an example of his worst-case thinking. Through textual and contextual analysis, I show for Hume public credit brings catastrophic results because men are knaves, systematically biased, and unlucky. Public credit is an appropriate institution to stimulate the economy only if men are perfect and perfectly predictable. But they are not. For Hume, considering the worst-case rather than the best-case helps prevent potential disasters. Public credit should therefore be avoided. Of the Origin of Government
Anotace: David Hume's essay "Of the Origin of Government" is a thought-provoking exploration of the origins and evolution of political authority. Published as part of his collection "Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects," Hume delves into the fundamental question of how governments come into existence and acquire legitimacy. He contends that government's emergence is rooted in practical considerations and the need for social order to mitigate human conflict. Hume challenges the concept of a "social contract" and argues that political power often arises through gradual consent and acquiescence rather than a formal agreement. Of the Jealousy of Trade
Anotace: David Hume's essay "Of the Jealousy of Trade" is an analysis of economic nationalism and its impact on international trade. Published as part of his collection "Political Discourses," Hume delves into the phenomenon of countries being wary of engaging in trade with others due to fears of economic competition and dependency. He argues that such jealousy hampers economic growth and prosperity, advocating instead for the benefits of open and mutually beneficial trade relationships. Of the Balance of Trade
Anotace: On the Balance of Trade is an economic text on monetary economics that was written by David Hume and published in 1752. In the book, Hume examines various mistakes committed by nations regarding trade and suggests better alternatives. The thought experiments that Hume uses in the book are sometimes argued by modern economists to be the first formal economic models. Of Taxes
Anotace: David Hume's essay "Of Taxes" explores the economic and ethical considerations surrounding taxation. Published in 1756 as part of his collection "Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects," Hume critically examines the impact of various tax systems on government revenue, economic growth, and individual well-being. He highlights the importance of balancing the need for public funds with the potential negative effects of excessive taxation, advocating for a just and efficient tax structure that minimizes distortions to economic incentives. Hume's essay engages with timeless questions about the role of government in taxation and its broader implications for society, making it a thought-provoking work that continues to resonate in contemporary discussions on fiscal policy and governance. Of Refinement in the Arts
Anotace: Hume’s essay “Of Refinement in the Arts” is, like many of Hume’s essays, a tricky thing to get a handle on. His essays are delightful to read, but complicated to follow. He often begins by claiming he will discuss one topic, and then spends the essay on three or four tangentially related issues. But Hume always rewards the reader with the complexity and subtlety of his thought, not to mention the beauties of his prose. Hume begins this particular essay by noting that “luxury” is a word of famous ambiguity. Certainly, we know luxury can be taken to excess, and that it how we most often think of it. But Hume points out that its denial can also be excessive. “To imagine that the gratifying of any sense, or the indulging of any delicacy in meat, drink, or apparel, is of itself a vice, can never enter into a head, that is not disordered by the frenzies of enthusiasm.” We are, in other words, beginning with the insistence that it is necessary to, at a minimum, find a balance in how much value we do or do not place on luxuries. Of Money
Anotace: Hume explains that the quantity of money in a society is irrelevant and there is no such thing as an optimal money supply. There is never any benefit to increasing the money supply. He explains the specie-flow-price mechanism. He criticizes fractional reserve banking and argues for 100 percent reserve banking. Of Interest
Anotace: David Hume's essay "Of Interest" is a part of his collection titled "Political Discourses," where he delves into the economic and moral dimensions of interest rates and their impact on society. Hume examines the concept of interest from various angles, discussing its role in economic transactions, investment, and capital accumulation. He also explores the ethical considerations surrounding usury and the lending of money for profit. Of Commerce
Anotace: David Hume's essay "Of Commerce" is a part of his collection titled "Political Discourses," published in 1752. In this essay, Hume explores the benefits of international trade and commerce for a nation's prosperity. He argues that economic engagement with other countries through trade fosters the exchange of goods and ideas, leading to increased wealth and cultural enrichment. Hume emphasizes the role of competition in driving innovation and efficiency, and he cautions against protectionist policies that hinder the flow of goods and impede economic progress. The essay reflects Hume's belief in the positive impacts of free trade and his understanding of economics as a force that transcends national boundaries, making "Of Commerce" a notable contribution to discussions on trade policy and its implications. My Own Life
Anotace: In a final, short summary of his life and works, David Hume wrote My Own Life as he suffered from gastrointestinal issues that ultimately killed him. Despite his bleak prognosis, Hume remains lighthearted and inspirational throughout. He discusses his life growing up, his family relationships, and his desire to constantly improve his works and his reputation as an author. He confesses,"I have suffered very little pain from my disorder; and what is more strange, have... never suffered a moment's abatement of my spirits; insomuch that were I to name the period of my life which I should most choose to pass over again, I might be tempted to point to this later period." This short biography ends with a series of letters from Hume's close friend and fellow author Adam Smith to their publisher William Strahan, recounting Hume's death and giving a stirring eulogy in honor of their friend. A Treatise of Human Nature
Anotace: David Hume's comprehensive attempt to base philosophy on a new, observationally grounded study of human nature is one of the most important texts in Western philosophy. It is also the focal point of current attempts to understand 18th-century philosophy The Treatise first explains how we form such concepts as cause and effect, external existence, and personal identity, and how we create compelling but unverifiable beliefs in the entities represented by these concepts. It then offers a novel account of the passions, explains freedom and necessity as they apply to human choices and actions, and concludes with a detailed explanation of how we distinguish between virtue and vice. The volume features Hume's own abstract of the Treatise, a substantial introduction that explains the aims of the Treatise as a whole and of each of its ten parts, a comprehensive index, and suggestions for further reading. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Anotace: An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding is a book by the Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume, published in 1748. It was a simplification of an earlier effort, Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature, published anonymously in London in 1739–40. Hume was disappointed with the reception of the Treatise, which "fell stillborn from the press," as he put it, and so tried again to disseminate his ideas to the public by writing a shorter and more polemical work. Selected Letters
Anotace: The letters of Cicero are of a varied character. They range from the most informal communications with members of his family to serious and elaborate compositions which are practically treatises in epistolary form. A very large proportion of them were obviously written out of the mood of the moment, with no thought of the possibility of publication; and in these the style is comparatively relaxed and colloquial. Others, addressed to public characters, are practically of the same nature as his speeches, discussions of political questions intended to influence public opinion, and performing a function in the Roman life of the time closely analogous to that fulfilled at the present day by articles in the great reviews, or editorials in prominent journals Laelius or An Essay on Friendship
Anotace: Cicero writes about a friendship between Caius Laelius and Scipio Africanus, after Laelius friend Scipio dies. The dialogue first takes place as Laelius as the speaker conversing with his son-in- law’s Quintus Mucius (Scaevola) and Gaius Fannius. In this dialogue it is questioning how Laelius is coping with the death of his friend Scipio, the wisdom he shares is worth conveying. Niccolo Machiavelli
The Complete Works
Anotace: Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period. He has often been called the father of modern political philosophy and political science. This collection includes the following: Blaise Pascal
The Provincial Letters
Anotace: Pascal's two masterpieces are the "Provinciales" and the "Pensées". The occasion of the "Provinciales" was an accident. The Duc of Liancourt, a friend of Port Royal, having been refused absolution by the curé of Saint Sulpice, Antoine* Arnauld wrote two letters which were censured by the Sorbonne. He wished to appeal to the public in a pamphlet which he submitted to his friends, but they found it too heavy and theological. He then said to Pascal: "You, who are young, must do something." The next day (23 Jan., 1656) Pascal brought the first "Provinciale". The "Petites lettres" followed to the number of nineteen, the last unfinished, from January, 1656, to March, 1657. Appearing under the pseudonym of Louis de Montalte, they were published at Cologne in 1657 as Les Provinciales, ou Lettres écrites par Louis de Montalte à un provincial de ses amis et au RR. PP. Jesuites sur le sujet de la morale et de la politique de ces pères". The first four treat the dogmatic question which forms the basis of Jansenism on the agreement between grace and human liberty. Pascal answers it by practically, if not theoretically, denying sufficient grace and liberty. The seventeenth and eighteenth letters take up the same questions, but with noteworthy qualifications. From the fourth to the sixteenth Pascal censures the Jesuit moral code, or rather the casuistry, first, by depicting a naîf Jesuit who, through silly vanity, reveals to him the pretended secrets of the Jesuit policy, and then by direct invective against the Jesuits themselves. The most famous are the fourth, on sins of ignorance, and the thirteenth, on homicide. That Pascal intended this to be a useful work, his whole life bears witness, as do his deathbed declarations. His good faith cannot seriously be doubted, but some of his methods are more questionable. Without ever seriously altering his citations from the casuists, as he has sometimes been wrongfully accused of doing, he arranges them somewhat disingenously; he simplifies complicated questions excessively, and, in setting forth the solutions of the casuists sometimes lets his own bias interfere. But the gravest reproach against him is, first, that he unjustly blamed the Society of Jesus, attacking it exclusively, and attributing to it a desire to lower the Christian ideal and to soften down the moral code in the interest of its policy; then that he discredited casuistry itself by refusing to recognize its legitimacy or, in certain cases, its necessity, so that not only the Jesuits, but religion itself suffered by this strife, which contributed to hasten the condemnation of certain lax theories by the Church. And, without wishing or even knowing it, Pascal furnished weapons on the one hand to unbelievers and adversaries of the Church and on the other to the partisans of independent morality. As to their literary form, the "Provinciales" are, in point of time, the first prose masterpiece of the French language, in their satirical humour and passionate eloquence. Blaise Pascal
Pensées
Anotace: Blaise Pascal, the precociously brilliant contemporary of Descartes, was a gifted mathematician and physicist, but it is his unfinished apologia for the Christian religion upon which his reputation now rests. The Penseés is a collection of philosohical fragments, notes and essays in which Pascal explores the contradictions of human nature in pscyhological, social, metaphysical and - above all - theological terms. Mankind emerges from Pascal's analysis as a wretched and desolate creature within an impersonal universe, but who can be transformed through faith in God's grace. The Analysis of Mind
Anotace: "A most brilliant essay in psychology."— New Statesman Philosopher, mathematician and social critic, Bertrand Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. In The Analysis of Mind, one of his most influential and exciting books, Russell presents an intriguing reconciliation of the materialism of psychology with the antimaterialism of physics. This book established a new conception of the mind and provided one of the most original and interesting externalist accounts of knowledge. Drawing upon the writings of psychologists such as William James and John Watson, Russell offers a comprehensive treatment of such considerations as belief, desire, habit, memory, meaning, and causal law. His reasoning formed the foundation for many subsequent theories of mind, as well as a framework for his own later philosophical writings. It remains one of the most important works on the philosophy of the mind. Proposed Roads to Freedom
Anotace: This book is an attempt to compress into a small compass a discussion which would require many volumes for its adequate treatment. It was completed in April, 1918, in the last days before a period of imprisonment. At that time few would have ventured to prophesy that the fighting would end before the New Year. The coming of peace has made the problems of reconstruction more urgent. The author has attempted to examine briefly the growth and scope of those pre-war doctrines which aimed at fundamental economic change. These doctrines are considered first historically, then critically, and it is urged that, while none can be accepted en bloc, all have something to contribute to the picture of the future society which we should wish to create. Manželství a mravnost
Anotace: Anglický filosof a jeho vidění etiky v manželství. Manželství a mravnost (orig. Marriage and Morals) je kniha poprvé publikovaná v roce 1929 a vyznamenána Nobelovou cenou za literaturu v roce 1950. Česky vydalo knihu nakladatelství Aventinum v roce 1931. De Cive
Philosophicall Rudiments Concerning Government and Society
Anotace: De Cive ("On the citizen") is one of Thomas Hobbes's major works. The book was published originally in Latin from Paris in 1642, followed by two further Latin editions in 1647 from Amsterdam. The English translation of the work made its first appearance four years later (London 1651) under the title Philosophicall rudiments concerning government and society. Voltaire
Candide
Anotace: Candide is a French satire written by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment,[6] first published in 1759. The novella has been widely translated, with English versions titled Candide: or, All for the Best (1759); Candide: or, The Optimist (1762); and Candide: Optimism (1947). It begins with a young man, Candide, who is living a sheltered life in an Edenic paradise and being indoctrinated with Leibnizian optimism by his mentor, Professor Pangloss.. The work describes the abrupt cessation of this lifestyle, followed by Candide's slow and painful disillusionment as he witnesses and experiences great hardships in the world. Voltaire concludes Candide with, if not rejecting Leibnizian optimism outright, advocating a deeply practical precept, "we must cultivate our garden", in lieu of the Leibnizian mantra of Pangloss, "all is for the best" in the "best of all possible worlds". On My Philosophy
Anotace: In "On My Philosophy," renowned philosopher Karl Jaspers provides an introspective exploration of his philosophical perspective and intellectual journey. Principles of War
Anotace: "Not simply the greatest but the only truly great book on war," declared historian Bernard Brodie of Principles of War. Written two centuries ago by a Prussian military thinker, this is the most frequently cited, the most controversial, and in many ways, the most modern book on warfare. Author Carl von Clausewitz fought against the armies of the French Revolution and Napoleon, served as a high-ranking staff officer, and became a prominent military educator. By his day, war had become a contest of mass armies, with results decided by swift, concentrated action and superior effort. "Victory is purchased by blood," Clausewitz proclaims, stating that total victory is assured only through annihilation of the enemy's forces. Based on the author's "thought and observation, philosophy and experience," Principles of War examines the moral and psychological aspects of warfare, stressing the necessity of such qualities as courage, audacity, and self-sacrifice and the importance of morale and public opinion. Clausewitz emphasizes the notion of strategy as an evolving plan, rather than a formula, a concept that makes this work adaptable to modern strategists in fields beyond military science. Translated into virtually every major language, Principles of War is required reading in intermediate-level and senior military schools, as well as in many civilian strategic studies programs and business schools. Lives
Volume IV
Anotace: Plutarch's Lives, written at the beginning of the second century A.D., is a brilliant social history of the ancient world by one of the greatest biographers and moralists of all time. In what is by far his most famous and influential work, Plutarch reveals the character and personality of his subjects and how they led ultimately to tragedy or victory. Richly anecdotal and full of detail, Volume I contains profiles and comparisons of Romulus and Theseus, Numa and Lycurgus, Fabius and Pericles, and many more powerful figures of ancient Greece and Rome. The Confessions
Anotace: When it was first published in 1781, The Confessions scandalised Europe with its emotional honesty and frank treatment of the author's sexual and intellectual development. Since then, it has had a more profound impact on European thought. Rousseau left posterity a model of the reflective life - the solitary, uncompromising individual, the enemy of servitude and habit and the selfish egoist who dedicates his life to a particular ideal. The Confessions recreates the world in which he progressed from incompetent engraver to grand success; his enthusiasm for experience, his love of nature, and his uncompromising character make him an ideal guide to eighteenth-century Europe, and he was the author of some of the most profound work ever written on the relation between the individual and the state. Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations of Inequality Among Mankind
Anotace: Discover why Rousseau's criticisms of human nature, political hierarchy, and private property were so controversial in his time yet later hailed as a foundation of democracy in this edition of Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men. Zobrazeno: 3241-3270 z celkem 3470 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec
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