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Zobrazeno: 3151-3180 z celkem 3470 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec Armies of the Ottoman Empire 1775–1820
Anotace: At the close of the 18th century the Ottoman Empire still had huge military potential. It was a complex structure of military provinces, autonomous regions and virtually independent 'regencies'. The Ottoman Empire had a larger population than its land could actually support which resulted in bloated cities, migration to under-populated mountainous areas, widespread banditry and piracy. It also meant that Ottoman armies had a ready pool of military manpower. With numerous illustrations, including eight full page colour artworkss by Angus Mcbride, this fascinating text by David Nicolle explores the armies of the Ottoman empire from 1775 until 1820. Obrat k jazyku a analytická filosofie
Anotace: Obrat k jazyku, o které článek pojednává, obecně znamená především důrazné připomenutí role, kterou hraje při odpovídání na tradiční filosofické otázky jazyk, a promyšlení důsledků této role v kontextu moderních poznatků o jazyce a o logice. The Monadology
Anotace: Leibniz’s Monadology provides a concise exposition of the central concept of his metaphysics: the Monad (from Greek monas, unit). Immanuel Kant
Universal Natural History and Theory of Heavens
Anotace: Using Isaac Newton s mathematical principles and laws of motion and taking up an idea first suggested by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanual Kant, the greatest philosopher of the eighteenth century, in 1755 produced a detailed account of what has come to be known as the Nebular hypothesis, still considered the most plausible explanation for the formation of the solar system: the structure of the universe develops from widely dispersed materials scattered throughout space which, under the influence of the forces of attraction and repulsion, rotate, flatten, and over time produce stars and planets. In his account, Kant also considers the ring of Saturn, the formation of moons, and other celestial phenomena (like the axial rotation of the planets and the development of comets). He also lets his imagination run rampant in a fascinating exploration of what living creatures must be like on other planets.The extent to which Kant fully understood the mathematical complexities involved in his explanation has been strongly challenged, but, for all that, his account is an important document in the most important trend of natural science in the eighteenth century, that is, placing scientific accounts of natural phenomena on a historical basis and seeing them as the result of a process of development maintained by mechanical forces (a revolutionary trend which culminates a century later in the work of Charles Darwin). In this way, while honoring Newton s achievement, Kant is also issuing a direct challenge to it.Kant s work also offers an enthusiastic defense of the design argument (that the harmonies in the design of the solar system are the best physical evidence we have for the existence of God), a claim which, ironically enough, his later philosophy would do so much to undermine. Immanuel Kant
The Science of Right
Anotace: The Science of Right has for its object the principles of all the laws which it is possible to promulgate by external legislation. Where there is such a legislation, it becomes, in actual application to it, a system of positive right and law; and he who is versed in the knowledge of this system is called a jurist or jurisconsult (jurisconsultus). Immanuel Kant
Introduction to the Metaphysic of Morals
Anotace: The Metaphysics of Morals is Kant's major work in applied moral philosophy in which he deals with the basic principles of rights and of virtues. It comprises two parts: the "Doctrine of Right," which deals with the rights that people have or can acquire, and the "Doctrine of Virtue," which deals with the virtues they ought to acquire. Mary Gregor's translation, revised for publication in Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy, is the only complete translation of the whole text. It includes extensive annotation on Kant's difficult and sometimes unfamiliar vocabulary. A new introduction by Roger Sullivan sets the work in its historical and philosophical context. Immanuel Kant
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals
Anotace: Within the two parts which constitute the overall work, Kant initiates a wide ranging discussion beginning with a retrospective on Ancient Greek philosophy, whose means of organising philosophic thought he broadly agreed with. He defines in turns the principles of logic, ethics and physics, noting the distinguishing characteristics of each. Immanuel Kant
Critique of Judgment
Anotace: Kant's Critique of Judgement is a massively influential contribution to modern philosophy. It treats of aesthetics, morality, religion and metaphysics and represents the summation of Kant's projects of transcendental philosophy. Immanuel Kant
Critical Examination of Practical Reason
Anotace: In Critical Examination of Practical Reason, Kant provides a detailed exposition of his moral philosophy, asserting that `pure' practical reason is a superior guide to moral behavior than either practical or applied reason. Aischylos
Prometheus Bound and Other Plays
Prometheus Bound, The Suppliants, Seven Against Thebes, The Persians
Anotace: Aeschylus (525–456 BC) brought a new grandeur and epic sweep to the drama of classical Athens, raising it to the status of high art. In Prometheus Bound the defiant Titan Prometheus is brutally punished by Zeus for daring to improve the state of wretchedness and servitude in which mankind is kept. The Suppliants tells the story of the fifty daughters of Danaus who must flee to escape enforced marriages, while Seven Against Thebes shows the inexorable downfall of the last members of the cursed family of Oedipus. And The Persians, the only Greek tragedy to deal with events from recent Athenian history, depicts the aftermath of the defeat of Persia in the battle of Salamis, with a sympathetic portrayal of its disgraced King Xerxes. S vyloučením veřejnosti
Anotace: V komorně laděné hře se Sartre zamýšlí nad tématem: co znamená smrt zaživa. Hra má pouze jedno dějství. V pekle, v salónu s nábytkem z doby II. francouzského císařství, se scházejí tři lidé: brazilský pacifista Garcin, homosexuální Španělka Ines a zámožná, poněkud jednoduchá Francouzka Estelle. Neocitli se tu ovšem náhodou. Jejich vlastnosti a rysy (pohlaví, orientace, třídní původ) jsou uspořádané tak, aby si vzájemně, takřka proti svojí vůli, působili utrpení. Ines touží po Estelle, ta chce zase muže Garcina, jehož Ines nenávidí. Garcin se pokouší o smír, ale ten znemožňuje především ostrá, hranatá a zlá, ale pronikavě chytrá povaha Ines. Two Treatises of Government
Anotace: Two Treatises of Government, major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke, published in 1689 but substantially composed some years before then. The work may be considered a response to the political situation as it existed in England at the time of the exclusion controversy—the debate over whether a law could be passed to forbid (exclude) the succession of James, the Roman Catholic brother of King Charles II (reigned 1660–85), to the English throne—though its message was of much more lasting significance. Locke strongly supported exclusion. In the preface to the work, composed at a later date, he makes clear that the arguments of the two treatises are continuous and that the whole constitutes a justification of the Glorious Revolution, which deposed James (who reigned, as James II, from 1685 to 1688) and brought the Protestant William III and Mary II to the throne. Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money
Anotace: John Locke's "Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money" is a seminal economic work that builds upon his earlier writings on money and its role in society. In this essay, Locke delves deeper into the subject of currency devaluation and the potential consequences of increasing the value of money. He examines the effects on trade, prices, and the overall economy, while also exploring the implications for individuals and businesses. Locke's thoughtful analysis and insights into the complexities of monetary policy make this work an important contribution to the field of economics and continue to be relevant for modern economic discussions. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Anotace: In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, first published in 1690, John Locke (1632-1704) provides a complete account of how we acquire everyday, mathematical, natural scientific, religious and ethical knowledge. Rejecting the theory that some knowledge is innate in us, Locke argues that it derives from sense perceptions and experience, as analysed and developed by reason. While defending these central claims with vigorous common sense, Locke offers many incidental - and highly influential - reflections on space and time, meaning, free will and personal identity. The result is a powerful, pioneering work, which, together with Descartes's works, largely set the agenda for modern philosophy. A Letter Concerning Toleration
Anotace: In his famous piece “A Letter Concerning Toleration” (1689), John Locke argued that tolerance is indeed a Christian virtue and that the state as a civic association should be concerned only with civic interests, not spiritual ones. Locke’s separation of church and state stood at the beginning of a debate about the limits of religious dissent from civic authority in the name of not unduly hampering an individual’s or a group’s spiritual practices. Marie Duží
Matematická logika
Anotace: Skripta VŠB-TU Ostrava. Konfucius
The Great Learning
Anotace: The Great Learning was one of the "Four Books" in Confucianism. The Great Learning had come from a chapter in the Classic of Rites which formed one of the Five Classics. It consists of a short main text attributed to the teachings of Confucius and then ten commentary chapters accredited to one of Confucius' disciples, Zengzi. The ideals of the book were supposedly Confucius's; however the text was written after his death. The "Four Books" were selected by the neo-Confucian Zhu Xi during the Song Dynasty as a foundational introduction to Confucianism and examinations for the state civil service in China came to follow his lead. The text sets up a number of controversies that have underlain Chinese philosophy and political thinking. For example, one major controversy has been to define exactly the investigation of things. What things are to be investigated and how has been one of the crucial issues of Chinese philosophy. One of the first steps to understanding The Great Learning is to understand how to "investigate things". This did not consist of scientific inquiry and experimentation, but introspection, building on what is already "known" of "principle". True introspection was supposed to allow the mind to become all knowing with regards to morality, relationships, civic duty and nature. Konfucius
The Doctrine of the Mean
Anotace: The Confucian doctrine of the Mean teaches that too much is as bad as too little. The Aristotelian doctrine of the Mean coincidently articulates that there can be too much or too little of nearly every human passion and action. The Doctrine of the Mean or Zhongyong is one of the Four Books of classical Chinese philosophy and a central doctrine of Confucianism. The text is attributed to Zisi (Kong Ji), the only grandson of Confucius (Kong Zi). It was originally a chapter in the Classic of Rites. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Anotace: Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is a study of the relationship between the ethics of ascetic Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism. Weber argues that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists played a role in creating the capitalistic spirit. Weber first observes a correlation between being Protestant and being involved in business, and declares his intent to explore religion as a potential cause of the modern economic conditions. He argues that the modern spirit of capitalism sees profit as an end in itself, and pursuing profit as virtuous. Weber's goal is to understand the source of this spirit. He turns to Protestantism for a potential explanation. Protestantism offers a concept of the worldly "calling," and gives worldly activity a religious character. While important, this alone cannot explain the need to pursue profit. One branch of Protestantism, Calvinism, does provide this explanation. Calvinists believe in predestination--that God has already determined who is saved and damned. As Calvinism developed, a deep psychological need for clues about whether one was actually saved arose, and Calvinists looked to their success in worldly activity for those clues. Thus, they came to value profit and material success as signs of God's favor. Other religious groups, such as the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist sects had similar attitudes to a lesser degree. Weber argues that this new attitude broke down the traditional economic system, paving the way for modern capitalism. However, once capitalism emerged, the Protestant values were no longer necessary, and their ethic took on a life of its own. We are now locked into the spirit of capitalism because it is so useful for modern economic activity. Michel Foucault
Dějiny šílenství
Hledání historických kořenů pojmu duševní choroby
Anotace: Kniha pojednává o krajních formách lidské zkušenosti (mentálních chorobách, delikvencích, sexuálních poruchách...) v kontextu dějin. Autor hledá historické kořeny pojmu duševní choroby. Niccolo Machiavelli
Vladař
Anotace: Machiavelliho Vladař jednou provždy změnil náš způsob uvažování o povaze politiky, ať už na něj nahlížíme z jakýchkoli pozic. Nový český překlad tohoto klasického textu přináší v přítomném svazku také několik do češtiny poprvé převedených kratších textů, které bezprostředně souvisejí s ústředním pojednáním. Doprovodnými texty opatřená a bohatě komentovaná edice zasazuje předkládané spisy do kontextu autorova života a díla, ale i do historického a politického kontextu Evropy přelomu 15. a 16. století a umožňuje komplexnější porozumění Machiavelliho myšlení. The Wayward Bus
Anotace: "The Wayward Bus" is a compelling and character-driven novel penned by the iconic American author John Steinbeck. Set in post-World War II California, this powerful story weaves together the lives of diverse and fascinating characters whose paths intersect on a fateful journey aboard a wayward bus. The novel unfolds as a group of travelers, each carrying their own dreams, hopes, and struggles, board a dilapidated bus headed to a distant town. Among the passengers are Alice, the discontented wife of the bus driver; Juan Chicoy, the enigmatic mechanic with a secret past; Norma, the young woman seeking escape; and others whose lives will intertwine during the tumultuous journey. Twilight of the Idols
Anotace: Twilight of the Idols presents a vivid, compressed overview of many of Nietzsche’s mature ideas, including his attack on Plato’s Socrates and on the Platonic legacy in Western philosophy and culture. Polt provides a trustworthy rendering of Nietzsche’s text in contemporary American English, complete with notes prepared by the translator and Tracy Strong. An authoritative Introduction by Strong makes this an outstanding edition. Thus Spake Zarathustra
Anotace: 'The profoundest book there is, born from the innermost richness of truth, an inexhaustible well into which no bucket descends without coming up with gold and goodness.' Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1885) was Nietzsche's own favourite among all his books and has proved to be his most popular, having sold millions of copies in many different languages. In it he addresses the problem of how to live a fulfilling life in a world without meaning, in the aftermath of 'the death of God'. Nietzsche's solution lies in the idea of eternal recurrence which he calls 'the highest formula of affirmation that can ever be attained'. A successful engagement The Will to Power
Anotace: Assembled by Nietzsche’s sister after his death, The Will to Power is a collection of the philosopher’s reflections and theories taken from his unpublished notebooks. Covering topics such as nihilism, Christianity, morality, and the famous “will to power,” the book was controversially presented as Nietzsche’s all-but-completed magnum opus containing his philosophical system. Including some of his most interesting metaphysical and epistemological thoughts, as well as some of his most disturbing ethical and political comments, the book would prove to have a significant influence on Nietzsche’s contentious reception in the twentieth century. The Dawn of Day
Anotace: The Dawn of Day (German: Morgenröte – Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurteile; historical orthography: Morgenröthe – Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurtheile) is a 1881 book by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (also translated as "The Dawn" and Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality). Nietzsche de-emphasizes the role of hedonism as a motivator and accentuates the role of a "feeling of power." His relativism, both moral and cultural, and his critique of Christianity also reaches greater maturity. In Daybreak Nietzsche devoted a lengthy passage to his criticism of Christian biblical exegesis, including its arbitrary interpretation of objects and images in the Old Testament as prefigurements of Christ's crucifixion. The polemical, antagonistic and informal style of this aphoristic book—when compared to Nietzsche's later treatments of morality—seems most of all to invite a particular experience. In this text Nietzsche was either not effective at, or not concerned with, persuading his readers to accept any specific point of view. Yet the discerning reader can note here the prefigurations of many of the ideas more fully developed in his later books. For example, the materialism espoused in this book might seem reducible to a naive scientific objectivism which reduces all phenomena to their natural, mechanical causes. Yet that is very traightforwardly not Nietzsche's strongest perspective, perhaps traditionally most well-expressed in The Gay Science. The Antichrist
Anotace: Here is Friedrich Nietzsche's great masterpiece The Anti-Christ, wherein Nietzsche attacks Christianity as a blight on humanity. This classic is essential reading for anyone wishing to understand Nietzsche and his place within the history of philosophy. "We should not deck out and embellish Christianity: it has waged a war to the death against this higher type of man, it has put all the deepest instincts of this type under its ban, it has developed its concept of evil, of the Evil One himself, out of these instincts-the strong man as the typical reprobate, the 'outcast among men.' Christianity has taken the part of all the weak, the low, the botched; it has made an ideal out of antagonism to all the self-preservative instincts of sound life; it has corrupted even the faculties of those natures that are intellectually most vigorous, by representing the highest intellectual values as sinful, as misleading, as full of temptation. The most lamentable example: the corruption of Pascal, who believed that his intellect had been destroyed by original sin, whereas it was actually destroyed by Christianity!" -Friedrich Nietzsche On the Use and Abuse of History for Life
Anotace: We wish to serve history only insofar as it serves living. But there is a degree of doing history and valuing it through which life atrophies and degenerates. To bring this phenomenon to light as a remarkable symptom of our time is now every bit as necessary as it may be painful. With these words Friedrich Nietzsche, the revolutionary German philosopher, launches a frontal assault on the modern historical scholarship of his age. That scholarship, which prides itself on its objectivity and its ruthless enquiry into the facts, Nietzsche argues, undermines life, because it destroys our confidence in our own culture, our instincts, and our ability to live meaningful lives. We end up knowing all there is to know about our past, but losing contact with the emotionally meaningful value of that past. With so much knowledge we can have no horizon of significance, no moral frame of reference, because everything is dissolved into an infinite sea of becoming, and the most important elements of our lives become subservient to historical scholarship instead of the other way around. The best solution for this acute problem is a new generation of young people who will use history to expose its dangers and who will re-establish the priorities which serve life, by putting human beings in charge of history and no longer allowing a perverse mania for scientific knowledge to corrupt cultures and individuals. Human, All-Too-Human
Anotace: Human, All Too Human (1878) is often considered the start of Friedrich Nietzsche's mature period. A complex work that explores many themes to which Nietzsche later returned, it marks a significant departure from his previous thinking. Here Nietzsche breaks with his early allegiance to Schopenhauer and Wagner, and establishes the overall framework of his later philosophy. In contrast to his previous disdain for science, now Nietzsche views science as key to undercutting traditional metaphysics. This he sees as a crucial step in the emergence of free spirits who will be the avant-garde of culture. In summing up the crucial change of perspective expressed in Human, All Too Human, Nietzsche used the following words in his later work Ecce Homo:"Human, All Too Human is a memorial of a crisis.... [W]ith this book I liberated myself from that in my nature which did not belong to me. Idealism does not belong to me...realities were altogether lacking in my knowledge, and the 'idealities' were worth damn all! A downright burning thirst seized hold of me: thenceforward I pursued in fact nothing other than physiology, medicine, and natural science."This is an essential work for anyone who wishes to understand Nietzsche's incisive critique of Western culture and values. Tortilla Flat
Anotace: Adopting the structure and themes of the Arthurian legend, John Steinbeck created a “Camelot” on a shabby hillside above the town of Monterey, California, and peopled it with a colorful band of knights. At the center of the tale is Danny, whose house, like Arthur’s castle, becomes a gathering place for men looking for adventure, camaraderie, and a sense of belonging—men who fiercely resist the corrupting tide of honest toil and civil rectitude. Zobrazeno: 3151-3180 z celkem 3470 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec
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