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Zobrazeno: 3181-3210 z celkem 3375 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec Chybné výkony
Anotace: "Chybné výkony" je přednáška slavného rakouského psychiatra a zakladatele psychoanalýzy, Sigmunda Freuda. V této přednášce Freud zkoumá jev chyb a lapsusů ve vědomí a jejich psychologické podstaty. Freud tvrdí, že tyto náhodné, zdánlivě bezvýznamné chyby a zapomenutí mají hlubší význam a odhalují skryté nevědomé touhy, úzkosti nebo konflikty. Analyzující různé příklady chybných výkonů, Freud ukazuje, jak lze prostřednictvím těchto drobných projevů proniknout do nitra lidské mysli a odhalit její neuvědomělé obsahy. Přednáška "Chybné výkony" poskytuje cenný vhled do Freudova přístupu k psychoanalýze a jeho teorii lidské psychiky, která měla zásadní vliv na vývoj psychologických a psychiatrických disciplín. Komentář: Přednáška jako úvod do chybných výkonů. A Young Girl's Diary
Anotace: This authentic diary, kept by a Viennese schoolgirl when she was eleven to fourteen years old, first appeared publicly in 1919. Richly expressive and emotionally moving, it intimately chronicles her passage from childhood to puberty with frankness, lucidity, and an honesty that scandalized the anonymous author's contemporaries. Trotzky's Diary in Exile
Anotace: This short text by the well-known psychologist and socialist humanist Erich Fromm (1900-1980) has never been published in any language. This review of Trotsky's Diary in Exile (1958) was found among Fromm's papers after his death. The Influence of Social Factors in Child Development
Anotace: Erich Fromm's essay "The Influence of Social Factors in Child Development" explores the significant role that societal and environmental factors play in shaping the growth and development of children. Fromm examines how cultural, familial, economic, and political contexts impact children's psychological, emotional, and cognitive development. He delves into the ways in which social norms, values, and power dynamics shape a child's sense of self, relationships, and overall well-being. Fromm emphasizes the importance of understanding the complex interplay between individual development and the larger social structures in which children are raised. Individual and Social Origins of Neurosis
Anotace: In this article, first published in American Sociological Review (Vol. IX, No. 4, August 1944) Fromm for the first time speaks of “culturally patterned defects” to be distinguished from “individual neurosis” and of “the pathology of normalcy”. Character and Social Process
Anotace: Erich Fromm (1900–1980) analyzes the relationship between an individual and a society throughout his works in an attempt to understand how a society influences its individuals and vice versa, how individuals form a society. In his attempt to understand the processes through which ideologies are created and absorbed by groups of people, Fromm formulates a social psychological position based on a unique combination of Sigmund Freud’s and Karl Marx’s thinking. Fromm’s firm belief is that Marxism needs a psychological theory, and psychoanalysis needs to adopt Marxist insights. From this original mixture, he posits the concept of social character, which is widely agreed to be Fromm’s single most important idea. Fromm’s social character is “the core of the character common to most members of a culture, in contradistinction to the individual character, in which people belonging to the same culture differ from. Human Nature and Social Theory
Anotace: The following letter Erich Fromm wrote in 1969 to the Russian philosopher Vladimir Dobrenkov is a most impressive document of how deeply he was interested in getting contact with socialist thinkers and to discuss with them his reception of Marx and his understanding of socialism. Dobrenkov intended to write a book on Fromm and therefore started a correspondence with Fromm. Fromm tried to clarify many topics Dobrenkov misunderstood by presenting Fromm’s ideas. But actually one cannot say that Fromm’s clarifications showed much effect on Dobrenkov’s book Neo-Freudians in Search of Truth, published in many languages in the seventies (Moskau: Progress Publishers). Nevertheless, this letter is a convincing summary of Fromm’s concept of man and society and will be welcomed by all who are interested in Fromm’s understanding of human nature as well as his social theory and his reception of Marx. Three Text Edition of Thomas Hobbes's Political Theory
The Elements of Law, De Cive and Leviathan
Anotace: Deborah Baumgold's Three-Text Edition of Thomas Hobbes's Political Theory is an indispensable resource for scholars of Thomas Hobbes, arguably the greatest political philosopher to write in English. By arranging the three texts side by side, this volume highlights substantive parallels between the texts and offers readers an enhanced understanding of Hobbes's political theory. Niccolo Machiavelli
History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy
Anotace: History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy is an historical account by Niccolò Machiavelli. Toward the end of 1520, the Cardinal Giulio of Medici, later Pope Clement VII, offered Machiavelli the appointment to write a history of Florence. Although Machiavelli was reluctant to accept, accepting was his only way to regain the good graces of the Medici who had regained power and were in a position to offer him employment and protection. Doing the history also provided a way for Machiavelli’s views to become the “official” history of Florentine and Italian affairs. Once completed, the work was presented officially to Giulio, now Pope, in May of 1526. Jiří Štefan, Jiří Hladík, Tomáš Adámek
Soudní lékařství a zdravotnicko-právní otázky
Anotace: "Soudní lékařství a zdravotnicko-právní otázky" je kniha napsaná společným úsilím Jiřího Štefana, Jiřího Hladíka a Tomáše Adámka. Tato kniha se zabývá důležitými aspekty spojenými se soudním lékařstvím a zdravotnicko-právními otázkami, které se týkají právního a lékařského prostředí. Autoři prozkoumávají komplexní interakce mezi zdravotnickým sektorem a právním systémem, včetně problematiky soudního rozhodování ve zdravotních případech, zdravotnické etiky a regulace lékařské praxe. Kniha zahrnuje různá témata, jako jsou expertní posudky, forenzní vědy, právní odpovědnost zdravotníků a další relevantní oblasti. Tato práce slouží jako užitečný průvodce pro ty, kteří se zajímají o propojení mezi lékařstvím a právem, a nabízí hlubší pochopení klíčových aspektů soudního lékařství a zdravotnického práva. Niccolo Machiavelli
Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius
Anotace: The Discourses on Livy (Italian: Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, literally "Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy") is a work of political history and philosophy written in the early 16th century (ca. 1517) by the Italian writer and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli, best known as the author of The Prince. Where the latter is nominally devoted to advising the ruler of a principality, in other words a type of monarchy, the Discourses purport to explain the structure and benefits of a republic, a form of government based on some level of popular consent and control. Teorie práva
Anotace: Díky své koncepci se tato publikace podstatně odlišuje od všech tematicky příbuzných prací, které byly v posledních padesáti letech vydány. V úvodu čtenář nalezne stručný přehled historie filosofických koncepcí práva, na který navazuje pojednání právnické filosofické antropologie. Autor se postupně zabývá problematikou vztahu práva a člověka, podstatou práva, podává přehled právní geografie a stručný přehled základních problémů právní informatiky. Hugo Grotius
The Freedom of the Seas
Anotace: Mare Liberum (or The Freedom of the Seas) is a book in Latin on international law written by the Dutch jurist and philosopher Hugo Grotius, first published in 1609. In The Free Sea, Grotius formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade. The disputation was directed towards the Portuguese Mare clausum policy and their claim of monopoly on the East Indian Trade. Grotius wrote the treatise while being a counsel to the Dutch East India Company over the seizing of the Santa Catarina Portuguese carrack issue. The work was assigned to Grotius by the Zeeland Chamber of the Dutch East India Company in 1608. Hugo Grotius
On the Law of War and Peace
Anotace: One of the classic works of Western legal and political thought kolektiv
Život svatého Václava
Anotace: Život svatého Václava je raně středověký text známý též jako První staroslověnská legenda o svatém Václavu. Text ve formě politického a historického vyprávění pochází z poloviny 10. století a jeho cílem byla oslava knížete Václava, po jehož smrti Život zřejmě nedlouho vznikl. Utilitarianism
Anotace: British philosopher John Stuart Mill approached ethical theory with a scientist's eye in his contributions to utilitarianism. Building upon the premise set forth by Jeremy Bentham, Mill subjected his own work to the scientific method and deep, incisive inquiry. Mill formulated utilitarianism on the "greatest-happiness principle." Under this principle, it is ethical only to act in such a way that will deliver the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest amount of people. The work outlines how Mill defines and orders higher and lower forms of happiness as well as stressing the importance of holding an objective perspective when determining the ethical status of an event. A must-read for anyone with an interest in ethical inquiry. Thornton on Labour and Its Claims
Anotace: Mr. Thornton long ago gave proof of his competency to the treatment of some of the most important questions of practical political economy, by two works of great merit, “Over Population and its Remedy,”1 and “A Plea for Peasant Proprietors”2. Of the latter of these especially it may be said, that nothing but the total absence, at the time of its publication, of any general interest in its subject, can account for its not having achieved a high repute and a wide circulation. The lack of interest in the subject has now ceased; opinion is rapidly advancing in the direction which the author favours; and a new edition, with its facts brought down to the latest date, would be welcomed by advanced politicians, and would materially contribute to the formation of an enlightened judgment on one of the economical questions on which truth is most important, and prejudice still most rife. The Subjection of Women
Anotace: The Subjection of Women is an essay by English philosopher, political economist and civil servant John Stuart Mill published in 1869, with ideas he developed jointly with his wife Harriet Taylor Mill. Mill submitted the finished manuscript of their collaborative work On Liberty (1859) soon after her untimely death in late 1858, and then continued work on The Subjection of Women until its completion in 1861. At the time of its publication, the essay's argument for equality between the sexes was an affront to European conventional norms regarding the status of men and women. Representative Government
Anotace: John Stuart Mill's essay "Representative Government" is a seminal work in political philosophy, where he explores the principles and advantages of democratic governance through representative institutions. Mill delves into the nature of representative democracy, its benefits, and potential pitfalls. He argues in favor of individual liberties and the need for limits on the power of the majority to prevent tyranny over minority interests. Mill discusses the importance of educated citizens, deliberative debate, and the value of dissent in maintaining a healthy democracy. On Liberty
Anotace: On Liberty is an essay by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill. Published in 1859, it applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. Mill suggests standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. He emphasizes the importance of individuality, which he considers prerequisite to the higher pleasures—the summum bonum of utilitarianism. Furthermore, Mill asserts that democratic ideals may result in the tyranny of the majority. Among the standards proposed are Mill's three basic liberties of individuals, his three legitimate objections to government intervention, and his two maxims regarding the relationship of the individual to society. Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy
Anotace: Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (1844) is a treatise on political economics by John Stuart Mill. Walras' law, a principle in general equilibrium theory named in honour of Léon Walras, was first expressed by Mill in this treatise. Bentham
Anotace: John Stuart Mill's essay "Bentham" is a biographical and critical examination of the life and philosophical contributions of Jeremy Bentham, a prominent utilitarian philosopher. In this essay, Mill offers insights into Bentham's utilitarian principles, his ethical framework, and his perspectives on social reform. Mill explores Bentham's influence on the development of utilitarianism and his efforts to create a systematic approach to ethics and legislation. The essay also discusses Bentham's advocacy for legal and social reforms based on the greatest happiness principle. The Man versus the State
Anotace: Henry Hazlitt says that this book is "One of the most powerful and influential arguments for limited government, laissez faire and individualism ever written."Spencer played a huge role in the history of ideas, one that contemporary sociologists have sadly neglected other than to dismiss him as "social Darwinist." In fact, his great contribution was precisely to untangle the study of society from all claims that it operated as a life form apart from the choices made by individuals.He was a laissez-faire radical in times when academia was becoming ever more illiberal. He was an opponent of militarism, economic regulation, infringement on personal liberty, and government centralization. First Principles
Anotace: Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher, best known for his scientific writings. Together with Charles Darwin and Thomas Huxley he was responsible for the acceptance of the theory of evolution. His well-known essay on Education: Intellectual, Moral and Physical was considered one of the most useful and profound books written on education. He projected a vast 10-volume work, Synthetic Philosophy, in which all phenomena are interpreted according to the principle of evolutionary progress. Together with Charles Darwin and Thomas Huxley he was responsible for the acceptance of the theory of evolution. In First Principles (originally published in 1862), the first of the projected volumes, Spencer distinguished phenomena from what he called the unknowable - an incomprehensible power or force from which everything derives. He limited knowledge to phenomena, i.e., the manifestations of the unknowable. He maintained that these manifestations proceed from their source according to a process of evolution. A Chapter in the Philosophy of Value
Anotace: A Chapter in the Philosophy of Value Georg Simmel American Journal of Sociology, vol. 5, 1900 "The fact of economic exchange confers upon the value of things something super-individual. It detaches them from dissolution in the mere subjectivity of the agents, and causes them to determine each other reciprocally, since each exerts its economic function in the other. The practically effective value is conferred upon the object, not merely by its own desirability, but by the desirability of another object. Not merely the relationship to the receptive subjects characterizes this value, but also the fact that it arrives at this relationship only at the price of a sacrifice; while from the opposite point of view this sacrifice appears as a good to be enjoyed, and the object in question, on the contrary, as a sacrifice. Hence the objects acquire a reciprocity of counterweight, which makes value appear in a quite special manner as an objective quality indwelling in themselves (...) " The Use of Knowledge in Society
Anotace: If you want to learn as much as possible about economics from just one article, read Friedrich A. Hayek’s “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” published in the September 1945 issue of The American Economic Review. First, no other article explains the economic problem as clearly. Second, none provides a better understanding of the superiority of market economies. Third, it exposes one of the most deplorable fallacies in the standard approach to teaching economics. Finally, it throws a spotlight on the dangerous ignorance of economic planning. Economics and Knowledge
Anotace: Main subject of this article is the role which assumptions and propositions about the knowledge possessed by the different members of society play in economic analysis. Sweet Thursday
Anotace: In Monterey, on the California coast, Sweet Thursday is what they call the day after Lousy Wednesday, which is one of those days that are just naturally bad. Returning to the scene of Cannery Row—the weedy lots and junk heaps and flophouses of Monterey, John Steinbeck once more brings to life the denizens of a netherworld of laughter and tears—from Doc, based on Steinbeck’s lifelong friend Ed Ricketts, to Fauna, new headmistress of the local brothel, to Hazel, a bum whose mother must have wanted a daughter. This Penguin Classics edition features an introduction and notes by Robert DeMott. Cup of Gold
A Life of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer, with Occasional Reference to History
Anotace: Steinbeck’s first novel and sole work of historical fiction—the violent, exciting story of the infamous pirate Henry Morgan The Theory of Moral Sentiments
Anotace: Today Adam Smith's reputation rests on his explanation of how rational self-interest in a free-market economy leads to economic well-being. It may surprise those who would discount Smith as an advocate of ruthless individualism that his first major work concentrates on ethics and charity. In fact, while chair at the University of Glasgow, Smith's lecture subjects, in order of preference, were natural theology, ethics, jurisprudence, and economics, according to John Millar, Smith's pupil at the time. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith wrote: "How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature which interest him in the fortune of others and render their happiness necessary to him though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it." The Theory of Moral Sentiments establishes the intellectual framework for all of Smith's later work, including the monumental Wealth of Nations. Zobrazeno: 3181-3210 z celkem 3375 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec
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