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Zobrazeno: 3271-3300 z celkem 3486 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Anotace: An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding is a book by the Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume, published in 1748. It was a simplification of an earlier effort, Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature, published anonymously in London in 1739–40. Hume was disappointed with the reception of the Treatise, which "fell stillborn from the press," as he put it, and so tried again to disseminate his ideas to the public by writing a shorter and more polemical work. Selected Letters
Anotace: The letters of Cicero are of a varied character. They range from the most informal communications with members of his family to serious and elaborate compositions which are practically treatises in epistolary form. A very large proportion of them were obviously written out of the mood of the moment, with no thought of the possibility of publication; and in these the style is comparatively relaxed and colloquial. Others, addressed to public characters, are practically of the same nature as his speeches, discussions of political questions intended to influence public opinion, and performing a function in the Roman life of the time closely analogous to that fulfilled at the present day by articles in the great reviews, or editorials in prominent journals Laelius or An Essay on Friendship
Anotace: Cicero writes about a friendship between Caius Laelius and Scipio Africanus, after Laelius friend Scipio dies. The dialogue first takes place as Laelius as the speaker conversing with his son-in- law’s Quintus Mucius (Scaevola) and Gaius Fannius. In this dialogue it is questioning how Laelius is coping with the death of his friend Scipio, the wisdom he shares is worth conveying. Niccolo Machiavelli
The Complete Works
Anotace: Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period. He has often been called the father of modern political philosophy and political science. This collection includes the following: Blaise Pascal
The Provincial Letters
Anotace: Pascal's two masterpieces are the "Provinciales" and the "Pensées". The occasion of the "Provinciales" was an accident. The Duc of Liancourt, a friend of Port Royal, having been refused absolution by the curé of Saint Sulpice, Antoine* Arnauld wrote two letters which were censured by the Sorbonne. He wished to appeal to the public in a pamphlet which he submitted to his friends, but they found it too heavy and theological. He then said to Pascal: "You, who are young, must do something." The next day (23 Jan., 1656) Pascal brought the first "Provinciale". The "Petites lettres" followed to the number of nineteen, the last unfinished, from January, 1656, to March, 1657. Appearing under the pseudonym of Louis de Montalte, they were published at Cologne in 1657 as Les Provinciales, ou Lettres écrites par Louis de Montalte à un provincial de ses amis et au RR. PP. Jesuites sur le sujet de la morale et de la politique de ces pères". The first four treat the dogmatic question which forms the basis of Jansenism on the agreement between grace and human liberty. Pascal answers it by practically, if not theoretically, denying sufficient grace and liberty. The seventeenth and eighteenth letters take up the same questions, but with noteworthy qualifications. From the fourth to the sixteenth Pascal censures the Jesuit moral code, or rather the casuistry, first, by depicting a naîf Jesuit who, through silly vanity, reveals to him the pretended secrets of the Jesuit policy, and then by direct invective against the Jesuits themselves. The most famous are the fourth, on sins of ignorance, and the thirteenth, on homicide. That Pascal intended this to be a useful work, his whole life bears witness, as do his deathbed declarations. His good faith cannot seriously be doubted, but some of his methods are more questionable. Without ever seriously altering his citations from the casuists, as he has sometimes been wrongfully accused of doing, he arranges them somewhat disingenously; he simplifies complicated questions excessively, and, in setting forth the solutions of the casuists sometimes lets his own bias interfere. But the gravest reproach against him is, first, that he unjustly blamed the Society of Jesus, attacking it exclusively, and attributing to it a desire to lower the Christian ideal and to soften down the moral code in the interest of its policy; then that he discredited casuistry itself by refusing to recognize its legitimacy or, in certain cases, its necessity, so that not only the Jesuits, but religion itself suffered by this strife, which contributed to hasten the condemnation of certain lax theories by the Church. And, without wishing or even knowing it, Pascal furnished weapons on the one hand to unbelievers and adversaries of the Church and on the other to the partisans of independent morality. As to their literary form, the "Provinciales" are, in point of time, the first prose masterpiece of the French language, in their satirical humour and passionate eloquence. Blaise Pascal
Pensées
Anotace: Blaise Pascal, the precociously brilliant contemporary of Descartes, was a gifted mathematician and physicist, but it is his unfinished apologia for the Christian religion upon which his reputation now rests. The Penseés is a collection of philosohical fragments, notes and essays in which Pascal explores the contradictions of human nature in pscyhological, social, metaphysical and - above all - theological terms. Mankind emerges from Pascal's analysis as a wretched and desolate creature within an impersonal universe, but who can be transformed through faith in God's grace. The Analysis of Mind
Anotace: "A most brilliant essay in psychology."— New Statesman Philosopher, mathematician and social critic, Bertrand Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. In The Analysis of Mind, one of his most influential and exciting books, Russell presents an intriguing reconciliation of the materialism of psychology with the antimaterialism of physics. This book established a new conception of the mind and provided one of the most original and interesting externalist accounts of knowledge. Drawing upon the writings of psychologists such as William James and John Watson, Russell offers a comprehensive treatment of such considerations as belief, desire, habit, memory, meaning, and causal law. His reasoning formed the foundation for many subsequent theories of mind, as well as a framework for his own later philosophical writings. It remains one of the most important works on the philosophy of the mind. Proposed Roads to Freedom
Anotace: This book is an attempt to compress into a small compass a discussion which would require many volumes for its adequate treatment. It was completed in April, 1918, in the last days before a period of imprisonment. At that time few would have ventured to prophesy that the fighting would end before the New Year. The coming of peace has made the problems of reconstruction more urgent. The author has attempted to examine briefly the growth and scope of those pre-war doctrines which aimed at fundamental economic change. These doctrines are considered first historically, then critically, and it is urged that, while none can be accepted en bloc, all have something to contribute to the picture of the future society which we should wish to create. Manželství a mravnost
Anotace: Anglický filosof a jeho vidění etiky v manželství. Manželství a mravnost (orig. Marriage and Morals) je kniha poprvé publikovaná v roce 1929 a vyznamenána Nobelovou cenou za literaturu v roce 1950. Česky vydalo knihu nakladatelství Aventinum v roce 1931. De Cive
Philosophicall Rudiments Concerning Government and Society
Anotace: De Cive ("On the citizen") is one of Thomas Hobbes's major works. The book was published originally in Latin from Paris in 1642, followed by two further Latin editions in 1647 from Amsterdam. The English translation of the work made its first appearance four years later (London 1651) under the title Philosophicall rudiments concerning government and society. Voltaire
Candide
Anotace: Candide is a French satire written by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment,[6] first published in 1759. The novella has been widely translated, with English versions titled Candide: or, All for the Best (1759); Candide: or, The Optimist (1762); and Candide: Optimism (1947). It begins with a young man, Candide, who is living a sheltered life in an Edenic paradise and being indoctrinated with Leibnizian optimism by his mentor, Professor Pangloss.. The work describes the abrupt cessation of this lifestyle, followed by Candide's slow and painful disillusionment as he witnesses and experiences great hardships in the world. Voltaire concludes Candide with, if not rejecting Leibnizian optimism outright, advocating a deeply practical precept, "we must cultivate our garden", in lieu of the Leibnizian mantra of Pangloss, "all is for the best" in the "best of all possible worlds". On My Philosophy
Anotace: In "On My Philosophy," renowned philosopher Karl Jaspers provides an introspective exploration of his philosophical perspective and intellectual journey. Principles of War
Anotace: "Not simply the greatest but the only truly great book on war," declared historian Bernard Brodie of Principles of War. Written two centuries ago by a Prussian military thinker, this is the most frequently cited, the most controversial, and in many ways, the most modern book on warfare. Author Carl von Clausewitz fought against the armies of the French Revolution and Napoleon, served as a high-ranking staff officer, and became a prominent military educator. By his day, war had become a contest of mass armies, with results decided by swift, concentrated action and superior effort. "Victory is purchased by blood," Clausewitz proclaims, stating that total victory is assured only through annihilation of the enemy's forces. Based on the author's "thought and observation, philosophy and experience," Principles of War examines the moral and psychological aspects of warfare, stressing the necessity of such qualities as courage, audacity, and self-sacrifice and the importance of morale and public opinion. Clausewitz emphasizes the notion of strategy as an evolving plan, rather than a formula, a concept that makes this work adaptable to modern strategists in fields beyond military science. Translated into virtually every major language, Principles of War is required reading in intermediate-level and senior military schools, as well as in many civilian strategic studies programs and business schools. Lives
Volume IV
Anotace: Plutarch's Lives, written at the beginning of the second century A.D., is a brilliant social history of the ancient world by one of the greatest biographers and moralists of all time. In what is by far his most famous and influential work, Plutarch reveals the character and personality of his subjects and how they led ultimately to tragedy or victory. Richly anecdotal and full of detail, Volume I contains profiles and comparisons of Romulus and Theseus, Numa and Lycurgus, Fabius and Pericles, and many more powerful figures of ancient Greece and Rome. The Confessions
Anotace: When it was first published in 1781, The Confessions scandalised Europe with its emotional honesty and frank treatment of the author's sexual and intellectual development. Since then, it has had a more profound impact on European thought. Rousseau left posterity a model of the reflective life - the solitary, uncompromising individual, the enemy of servitude and habit and the selfish egoist who dedicates his life to a particular ideal. The Confessions recreates the world in which he progressed from incompetent engraver to grand success; his enthusiasm for experience, his love of nature, and his uncompromising character make him an ideal guide to eighteenth-century Europe, and he was the author of some of the most profound work ever written on the relation between the individual and the state. Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations of Inequality Among Mankind
Anotace: Discover why Rousseau's criticisms of human nature, political hierarchy, and private property were so controversial in his time yet later hailed as a foundation of democracy in this edition of Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men. Úvod do psychoanalýzy
Anotace: "Úvod do psychoanalýzy" je klíčová přednáška rakouského psychiatra a zakladatele psychoanalýzy, Sigmunda Freuda. V této přednášce Freud představuje základní principy psychoanalýzy jako vědecké metody zkoumání nevědomých mentálních procesů. Podrobně se zabývá strukturou lidské psychiky, tedy vědomím, předvědomím a nevědomím, a vysvětluje, jakým způsobem nevědomé impulsy a konflikty mohou ovlivňovat naše myšlení, chování a emoce. Freud rozebírá též klíčový pojem psychosexuálního vývoje a jeho vliv na osobnostní formování. Tato přednáška představuje významný vstupní bod do psychoanalytické teorie, která ovlivnila mnohé obory psychologie a psychoterapie a stala se jedním z nejdůležitějších psychologických přístupů 20. století. The Interpretation of Dreams
Anotace: This groundbreaking new translation of The Interpretation of Dreams is the first to be based on the original text published in November 1899. The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
Anotace: Freud's work is intended primarily as a polemic against the competing theories in psychotherapy which opposed his psychoanalysis, for example Alfred Adler's individual psychology and Carl Jung's analytical psychology. Adler and Jung had previously been followers of Freud but objected to his emphasis on sexual matters. His main criticism of them is their insistence on still calling themselves psychoanalysts. A Philosophy of Life
Anotace: Lecture about the Philosophy of Life. Psychopathology of Everyday Life
Anotace: The most trivial slips of the tongue or pen, Freud believed, can reveal our secret ambitions, worries, and fantasies. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ranks among his most enjoyable works. Starting with the story of how he once forgot the name of an Italian painter—and how a young acquaintance mangled a quotation from Virgil through fears that his girlfriend might be pregnant—it brings together a treasure trove of muddled memories, inadvertent actions, and verbal tangles. Chybné výkony
Anotace: "Chybné výkony" je přednáška slavného rakouského psychiatra a zakladatele psychoanalýzy, Sigmunda Freuda. V této přednášce Freud zkoumá jev chyb a lapsusů ve vědomí a jejich psychologické podstaty. Freud tvrdí, že tyto náhodné, zdánlivě bezvýznamné chyby a zapomenutí mají hlubší význam a odhalují skryté nevědomé touhy, úzkosti nebo konflikty. Analyzující různé příklady chybných výkonů, Freud ukazuje, jak lze prostřednictvím těchto drobných projevů proniknout do nitra lidské mysli a odhalit její neuvědomělé obsahy. Přednáška "Chybné výkony" poskytuje cenný vhled do Freudova přístupu k psychoanalýze a jeho teorii lidské psychiky, která měla zásadní vliv na vývoj psychologických a psychiatrických disciplín. Komentář: Přednáška jako úvod do chybných výkonů. A Young Girl's Diary
Anotace: This authentic diary, kept by a Viennese schoolgirl when she was eleven to fourteen years old, first appeared publicly in 1919. Richly expressive and emotionally moving, it intimately chronicles her passage from childhood to puberty with frankness, lucidity, and an honesty that scandalized the anonymous author's contemporaries. Trotzky's Diary in Exile
Anotace: This short text by the well-known psychologist and socialist humanist Erich Fromm (1900-1980) has never been published in any language. This review of Trotsky's Diary in Exile (1958) was found among Fromm's papers after his death. The Influence of Social Factors in Child Development
Anotace: Erich Fromm's essay "The Influence of Social Factors in Child Development" explores the significant role that societal and environmental factors play in shaping the growth and development of children. Fromm examines how cultural, familial, economic, and political contexts impact children's psychological, emotional, and cognitive development. He delves into the ways in which social norms, values, and power dynamics shape a child's sense of self, relationships, and overall well-being. Fromm emphasizes the importance of understanding the complex interplay between individual development and the larger social structures in which children are raised. Individual and Social Origins of Neurosis
Anotace: In this article, first published in American Sociological Review (Vol. IX, No. 4, August 1944) Fromm for the first time speaks of “culturally patterned defects” to be distinguished from “individual neurosis” and of “the pathology of normalcy”. Character and Social Process
Anotace: Erich Fromm (1900–1980) analyzes the relationship between an individual and a society throughout his works in an attempt to understand how a society influences its individuals and vice versa, how individuals form a society. In his attempt to understand the processes through which ideologies are created and absorbed by groups of people, Fromm formulates a social psychological position based on a unique combination of Sigmund Freud’s and Karl Marx’s thinking. Fromm’s firm belief is that Marxism needs a psychological theory, and psychoanalysis needs to adopt Marxist insights. From this original mixture, he posits the concept of social character, which is widely agreed to be Fromm’s single most important idea. Fromm’s social character is “the core of the character common to most members of a culture, in contradistinction to the individual character, in which people belonging to the same culture differ from. Human Nature and Social Theory
Anotace: The following letter Erich Fromm wrote in 1969 to the Russian philosopher Vladimir Dobrenkov is a most impressive document of how deeply he was interested in getting contact with socialist thinkers and to discuss with them his reception of Marx and his understanding of socialism. Dobrenkov intended to write a book on Fromm and therefore started a correspondence with Fromm. Fromm tried to clarify many topics Dobrenkov misunderstood by presenting Fromm’s ideas. But actually one cannot say that Fromm’s clarifications showed much effect on Dobrenkov’s book Neo-Freudians in Search of Truth, published in many languages in the seventies (Moskau: Progress Publishers). Nevertheless, this letter is a convincing summary of Fromm’s concept of man and society and will be welcomed by all who are interested in Fromm’s understanding of human nature as well as his social theory and his reception of Marx. Three Text Edition of Thomas Hobbes's Political Theory
The Elements of Law, De Cive and Leviathan
Anotace: Deborah Baumgold's Three-Text Edition of Thomas Hobbes's Political Theory is an indispensable resource for scholars of Thomas Hobbes, arguably the greatest political philosopher to write in English. By arranging the three texts side by side, this volume highlights substantive parallels between the texts and offers readers an enhanced understanding of Hobbes's political theory. Niccolo Machiavelli
History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy
Anotace: History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy is an historical account by Niccolò Machiavelli. Toward the end of 1520, the Cardinal Giulio of Medici, later Pope Clement VII, offered Machiavelli the appointment to write a history of Florence. Although Machiavelli was reluctant to accept, accepting was his only way to regain the good graces of the Medici who had regained power and were in a position to offer him employment and protection. Doing the history also provided a way for Machiavelli’s views to become the “official” history of Florentine and Italian affairs. Once completed, the work was presented officially to Giulio, now Pope, in May of 1526. Zobrazeno: 3271-3300 z celkem 3486 záznamů Začátek | Předchozí | Následující | Konec
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