Jared Mason Diamond (USA)

Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American scientist and author best known for his popular science books The Third Chimpanzee, Guns, Germs, and Steel, and Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Originally trained in physiology, Diamond's work is known for drawing from a variety of fields, and he is currently Professor of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Diamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to a Bessarabian Jewish family. His father Louis K. Diamond was a physician and his mother Flora Kaplan a teacher, musician, and linguist. He attended the Roxbury Latin School and earned an A.B. from Harvard College in 1958 and a PhD in physiology and membrane biophysics from the University of Cambridge in 1961.

After graduating from Cambridge, Diamond returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow until 1965, and, in 1968, became Professor of Physiology at UCLA Medical School. While in his twenties, he developed a second, parallel, career in ornithology and ecology, specialising in New Guinea and nearby islands. Then in his fifties, Diamond developed a third career in environmental history and became Professor of Geography at UCLA, his current position. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1999 and an honorary doctorate by Westfield State University in 2009.

Diamond is married to Marie Diamond (née Marie Nabel Cohen), granddaughter of Polish politician Edward Werner, and has two adult sons.

Diamond's original specialism was salt absorption in the gall bladder. He has also published scholarly works in the fields of ecology and ornithology, but is best known for authoring of a number of popular science books combining topics from diverse fields other than those he has formally studied. Because of this diversity Diamond has been described as a polymath.

Diamond's first popular book, The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (1991), examined human evolution and its relevance to the modern world, incorporating evidence from anthropology, evolutionary biology, genetics, ecology, and linguistics. It was well received by critics and won the 1992 Rhône-Poulenc Prize for Science Books and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. In 1997, he followed this up with Why is Sex Fun?, which focused in on the evolution of human sexuality, again drawing from anthropology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.

His third and best known popular science book, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, was published in 1997. In it, Diamond sought to explain the political and economic dominance of Eurasian societies over those from other parts of the world throughout history. Using evidence archaeological and historical case studies and evidence from genetics and linguistics, he argued that gaps in power and technology between human societies are not primarily caused by cultural or racial differences, but originated in environmental differences amplified by various positive feedback loops. According to Diamond the geography and ecology of the Eurasian landmass gave societies there an advantage over those on other continents, which they were subsequently able to dominate or conquer. Guns, Germs, and Steel was a best-seller and received several awards, including a Pulitzer Prize, an Aventis Prize for Science Books and the 1997 Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science. However the work was criticised for factual inaccuracies in some of Diamond's case studies, and more generally as an argument for environmental determinism. A television documentary based on the book was produced by the National Geographic Society in 2005.

Diamond's next book, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (2005), examined a range of past civilizations in an attempt to identify why they either collapsed or succeeded, and considers what contemporary societies can learn from these historical examples. As in Guns, Germs, and Steel, he argued against explanations for the failure of past societies based primarily on cultural factors, instead focusing on ecology. Among the societies mentioned in the book are the Norse and Inuit of Greenland, the Maya, the Anasazi, the indigenous people of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Japan, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and modern Montana. Similarly Collapse was again both critically acclaimed and criticised for environmental determinism and specific factual inaccuracies. It was nominated for Royal Society Prize for Science Books. In 2012, Carl Lipo and Terry Hunt proposed an alternative theory to a central thesis of "Collapse" by demonstrating—both through research and full-scale recreation for National Geographic television—that the statues on Rapa Nui could have "walked" and that the people of the island may not have cut trees to transport their statues.

Diamond's most recent book Natural Experiments of History, co-edited with James Robinson, is a collection of essays illustrating the multidisciplinary and comparative approach to the study of history that he advocates.

On April 21, 2009, Henep Isum Mandingo and Hup Daniel Wemp of Papua New Guinea filed a $10 million USD defamation lawsuit against Diamond over a 2008 New Yorker magazine article entitled "Vengeance Is Ours: What Can Tribal Societies Tell Us About Our Need to Get Even?" Mandingo and Wemp claimed the article, an account of feuds and vengeance killings in the New Guinea highlands, misrepresented and embellished their involvement in inter-tribal violence.[12] The lawsuit came after Rhonda Roland Shearer alleged that the New Yorker article contained factual inaccuracies – most notably that Mandingo was fit and healthy, not, as claimed by Diamond, wheelchair-bound after being injured in fighting.

Diamond and the New Yorker both stood by the article, maintaining that it was a faithful account of the story related to Diamond by Wemp while they worked together in 2001 and again in a formal interview in 2006. They said that the article was based on "detailed notes", that both Diamond and the magazine did all they reasonably could to verify the story, and that in a recorded phone interview conducted in August 2008 by Chris Jennings, a fact checker for the New Yorker, Wemp did not raise any significant objections. Wemp contends he told Jennings the story was "inaccurate, inaccurate". According to anthropologist Pauline Wiessner, an expert on tribal warfare in Papua New Guinea, young men often exaggerate or make up entirely their exploits in tribal warfare; she stated that Diamond would have been naïve to accept Wemp's stories at face value.

Books:
1972 Avifauna of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 12, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 438.
1975 M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, eds. Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
1979 J. M. Diamond and M. LeCroy. Birds of Karkar and Bagabag Islands, New Guinea. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 164:469–531
1984 J. M. Diamond. The Avifaunas of Rennell and Bellona Islands. The Natural History of Rennell Islands, British Solomon Islands 8:127–168
1986 J. M. Diamond and T. J. Case. eds. Community Ecology. Harper and Row, New York
1986 B. Beehler, T. Pratt, D. Zimmerman, H. Bell, B. Finch, J. M. Diamond, and J. Coe. Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press,Princeton
1992 The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal, ISBN 0-06-098403-1
1997 Why is Sex Fun? The Evolution of Human Sexuality, ISBN 0-465-03127-7
1997 Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-06131-0
2001 The Birds of Northern Melanesia: Speciation, Ecology, & Biogeography (with Ernst Mayr), ISBN 0-19-514170-9
2003 Guns, Germs, and Steel Reader's Companion, ISBN 1-58663-863-7.
2005 Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-303655-6.
2010 Natural Experiments of History" (with James A. Robinson). ISBN 0-674-03557-7 ISBN 978-0674035577

Articles:
Island Biogeography and the Design of Natural Reserves (1976), in Robert M. May's Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications, Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 163–186.
Ethnic differences. Variation in human testis size. (April 1986) Nature 320(6062):488–489 PubMed.
The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race (May 1987) Discover pp. 64–66
Japanese Roots (June 1998) Discover
Curse and Blessing of the Ghetto (March 1991) Discover, pp. 60–66
Race Without Color (November 1994) Discover
The Curse of QWERTY (April 1997) Discover
Kinship With The Stars (May 1997) Discover
Japanese Roots (June 1998) Discover
What’s Your Consumption Factor? (January 2, 2008) The New York Times
Vengeance is Ours (April 2008) The New Yorker
Diamond, Jared (2011). "Why do some societies make disastrous decisions?". In John Brockman. Culture: leading scientists explore civilizations, art, networks, reputation, and the on-line revolution. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-202313-1.

Boards
Editorial board, Skeptic Magazine, a publication of The Skeptics Society
Member, the American Philosophical Society
Member, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Member, the National Academy of Sciences
US regional director of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF/World Wildlife Fund)

Awards and honors
1961–1965 Prize Fellowship in Physiology, Trinity College, Cambridge, England
1968–1971 Lederle Medical Faculty Award
1972 Distinguished Teaching Award, UCLA Medical Class
1973 Distinguished Teaching Award, UCLA Medical Class
1975 Distinguished Achievement Award, American Gastroenterological Association
1976 Kaiser Permanente/Golden Apple Teaching Award
1976 Nathaniel Bowditch Prize, American Physiological Society
1978 American Ornithologists Union, elected fellow
1979 Franklin L. Burr Award, National Geographic Society
1985 MacArthur Foundation “Genius” Grant
1989 Archie Carr Medal
1990 MacArthur Foundation Fellow
1992 Tanner Lecturer, University of Utah and many other endowed lectureships
1992 Rhône-Poulenc Prize for Science Books for The Third Chimphanzee[6]
1992 Los Angeles Times Science Book Prize[7]
1993 Zoological Society of San Diego Conservation Medal
1968–1971 Lederle Medical Faculty Award
1972 Distinguished Teaching Award, UCLA Medical Class
1973 Distinguished Teaching Award, UCLA Medical Class
1975 Distinguished Achievement Award, American Gastroenterological Association
1976 Kaiser Permanente/Golden Apple Teaching Award
1976 Nathaniel Bowditch Prize, American Physiological Society
1978 American Ornithologists Union, elected fellow
1979 Franklin L. Burr Award, National Geographic Society
1985 MacArthur Foundation “Genius” Grant
1989 Archie Carr Medal
1990 MacArthur Foundation Fellow
1992 Tanner Lecturer, University of Utah and many other endowed lectureships
1992 Rhône-Poulenc Prize for Science Books for The Third Chimphanzee[6]
1992 Los Angeles Times Science Book Prize[7]
1993 Zoological Society of San Diego Conservation Medal
1994 Skeptics Society, Randi Award
1995 Honorary doctor of literature, Sejong University, Korea
1996 Faculty Research Lecturer, UCLA
1997 Phi Beta Kappa Science Book Prize for Guns, Germs and Steel
1998 Pulitzer Prize for Guns, Germs and Steel
1998 Elliott Coues Award, American Ornithologists' Union
1998 California Book Awards, Gold Medal in nonfiction for Guns, Germs and Steel
1998 Aventis Prize for Science Books for Guns, Germs and Steel[6]
1998 International Cosmos Prize
1999 Lannan Literary Award for Nonfiction
1999 National Medal of Science
2001 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement
2002 Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science
2006 Royal Society Prize for Science Books for Collapse (shortlisted)
2006 Dickson Prize in Science
2008 PhD Honoris Causa at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond